Cabaran dalam Pelaporan Berita Tsunami: Satu Kajian Terhadap Wartawan Malaysia dan Indonesia
Keywords:
Malaysia, Indonesia, tsunami, bencana, cabaran, temu bual
Abstract
Bencana tsunami ini sememangnya memberikan kesan terhadap kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosial negara. Di antara negara-negara Asia Tenggara, Indonesia dikenal pasti sebagai salah sebuah negara yang sering menghadapi bencana tsunami. Malaysia yang kedudukannya berhampiran dengan Indonesia turut menerima kesan daripada bencana tsunami yang terjadi di negara berkenaan. Kejadian bencana tsunami yang sememangnya serius ini telah mendapat pelaporan yang meluas oleh media tempatan dan antarabangsa. Bencana tsunami yang lazimnya berlaku secara tiba-tiba dan sukar untuk dijangka ini telah menyebabkan pelaporannya berbeza dengan isu-isu lain seperti jenayah, hiburan dan sebagainya. Malah, kajian-kajian lalu turut mendapati bahawa media menghadapi pelbagai cabaran dalam melaporkan berita bencana seperti tsunami yang jelas memerlukan persediaan yang rapi bagi menghasilkan penulisan yang berkualiti dan beretika. Sungguhpun kejadian tsunami adalah serius, kajian-kajian lalu terhadap pelaporan media khususnya dalam aspek cabaran wartawan dalam melaporkan isu ini adalah amat terhad. Justeru, kajian ini dijalankan dengan matlamat untuk memenuhi kelompongan kajian lepas dan seterusnya menyumbang kepada korpus penyelidikan bidang Komunikasi Bencana di Malaysia dan Indonesia. Penyelidikan ini memberikan tumpuan terhadap cabaran-cabaran yang dihadapi oleh para wartawan kedua-dua negara dalam melaporkan berita tsunami. Temu bual secara mendalam telah dilakukan bersama lapan orang wartawan dari The Star Online, Malaysia dan The Jakarta Post, Indonesia. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa bilangan wartawan pakar isu terhad, pengetahuan terhad wartawan tentang bencana tsunami, kurang persediaan oleh bilik berita, pemotretan visual ketika bencana dan penentuan landskap berita oleh editor adalah cabaran-cabaran utama yang dihadapi oleh wartawan-wartawan di Malaysia dan Indonesia dalam melaporkan isu tsunami.
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References
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Aniqa, A., Sana, M. (2013). Photojournalism and disaster: Case study of visual coverage of flood 2010 in national newspapers. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(9), 168-176.
Bandaralage, J., Naranpanawa, A. (2007). The economic effects of the Asian Tsunami on the “tear drop in the Indian Ocean”: A general equilibrium analysis. South Asia Economic Journal, 8(1), 1-27.
Becker, L., Lowrey, W., Claussen, D., Anderson, W. (2000). Why does the beat go on?, Newspaper Research Journal, 21(4), 2-16.
Blažin, N., Gavrilov, M, B., Markovic, S. (2014). The tsunami of 26th December 2004: the impact on tourism trends in Southeast Asia. WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, 181. 175-185.
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Braun, V., Clake, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101
Conboy, M. (2004). Journalism: A critical history. London: Sage Publication.
Domingo, D. (2011). Managing audience participation: Participatory journalism. Guardian Open Gates at Online Newspapers, 76-95.
Fahmy, S. (2008). How online journalists rank importance of news skills. Newspaper Research Journal, 29(2), 23-39.
Faridah, I. (2010). Press freedom and ethics with accountability: Premises and constraints. International Conference on Free and Responsible Journalism, 27-31
Fisher, C. (2018). News sources and journalist/sources interaction. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication, 1-18.
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Magin, M., Maurer, P. (2019). Beat journalism and reporting. Oxford Research Encylopedia of Communicatio, 1-22.
McCluskey, M. (2008). Reporterbeat and content differences in environmental stories. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 85(1), 83-98.
Mellado, C. (2011). Examining professional and academic culture in Chilean journalism and mass communication education. Journalism Studies, 12(3), 375-391.
Mohamad Saifudin, M. S. (2016). Environmental communication among the media and environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs) in Malaysia: A roller coaster ride? Tesis PhD Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Jerman.
Mohamad Saifudin, M. S., Heinrichs, H., & Nik Norma, N. H. (2018) The struggles of Malaysian media and environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs) in communicating the environment within semi-democratic nation. The Journal of International Communication, 24(1), 55-75.
Mohamad Saifudin, M. S., & Nik Norma, N. H. (2019). Analysing Islamic elements in environmental news reporting in Malaysia. Media Watch, 10(1), 54-67.
Mott, F. L. (2006). What’s the news? In Adams, G. S., Clark, R. P. Journalism the democtratic craft. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Muhammad Jawed, I., Fatima. M. A., Muhammad Bilal, K., Sadaf, S. (2014). Analysis of Role Media in Disaster Reporting in Pakistan. European Scientific Journal, 1, 570-575.
Nguyen, A. (2013). Journalism: New Challenges. Chapter 9: Online news audiens: The Challenges of web metrics. Bournemouth University Centre for Journalism & Communication Research, 144-162.
Nur Aziemah, M, A., Ismail, S., Illias, M, S. (2013). The knowledge, attitude and acceptance of journalism ethics among journalism. International Conference on Democratisation in Southeast Asia (ICDeSA 2019), 62(14), 66-69.
Odoemelam, C. C, U. V. (2015). Visual news patterns and the Boko Haram Insurgence in Nigerian Newspaper. Journal of New Media and Mass Communication, 31-39.
Perrin, D., Dow, M. E. (2009). Capturing translation process to access metalinguistic awareness. Journal of Across Language and Cultures, 10(2), 275-288.
Reilly, P., Atanasova, D. (2016). A report on the role of the media in the information flow that emerge during crisis situations. SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, 1-41.
Reese, S. (2019). Hierarchy influences. The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies, 1-5.
Scanlon, J. (2007). Research about the mass media and disaster: Never (Well hardly ever), 1-48. Diambil dari: https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/scanlonjournalism.pdf
Siapera, E., Veglis, A. (2012). Introduction: The evolution of online journalism. The Handbook of Global Online Journalism, 1-17.
Shazia, J. (2014). Qualitative research method-interviewing and observation. J Basic Clin Pharm, 5(4), 87-88.
Shields, M, L. (2014). Ethics in photojournalism: Authenticity and sensitivity in coverage of tragic event. Communication Theses, Georgia State University, 1-75.
Strong, C, R., Norman, Z. (2016). Natural disaster strategic communication: Drone, data and backpack journalism trends. Conference: Eighth International Forum on Public Relations and Advertising Eighth International Forum. Wellington. 1-16.
Tanikawa, M. (2017). What is news? What is the newspaper? The physical, functional, and stylistic transformation of print newspapers, 1988-2013. Internation Journal of Communication, 11, 3519-3540.
Thurman, N. (2011). Making ‘the daily me’: Technology, economic and habit in the mainstream assimilation of personalize news, Journalism, 12(4), 395-415.
Wilkins L, Steffens M, Thorson E et al. (2012) Reporting Disaster on Deadline: A Handbook for Students and Professionals. New York: Routledge.
Zamora, N., Gubler, A., Orellana, V., León, J., Urrutia, A., Carvajal, M., Cisternas, M., Catalán, P., Winckler, P., Cienfuegos, R., Karich, C., Vogel, S., Galaz, J., Pereira, S., & Bertin, C. (2020). The 1730 great metropolitan chile earthquake and tsunami commemoration: Joint efforts to increase the country’s awareness. Geosciences, 10, 1-15.
Zhang, N., Huang, H., Su, B., Zhao, J., Zhang, B. (2014). Information dissemination analysis of different media towards the application for disaster pre-warning. Plos One, 9(5), 1-12.
Published
2021-01-05
How to Cite
Mustafa, S. N. A., Mohamad Saleh, M. S. and Azmawati, A. A. (2021) “Cabaran dalam Pelaporan Berita Tsunami: Satu Kajian Terhadap Wartawan Malaysia dan Indonesia”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(1), pp. 1 - 11. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v6i1.584.
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