Contributing Factors to Decline in Physical Activity Among Adolescents: A Scoping Review
Keywords:
decline, physical activity, adolescents
Abstract
It is presumed that the level of physical activity (PA) declines during a person’s lifespan, particularly during adolescence. The main objective of this scoping review is to summarize and identify the current literature that addresses contributing factors related to adolescent physical inactivity. This scoping review was carried out using the framework suggested by Arskey and O'Malley. The literature review was undertaken using the reference period between 2008 and 2014, based primarily on the PubMed, Cochrane and Embase databases. Additional studies have been identified by a manual bibliography search. Search term included adolescent / youth / teenage, factors / determinants /correlations, and physical inactivity/decline exercise. A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. This scoping review found some evidence of the association between physical inactivity and the following variables: Age, sex, socio-economic status, lack of social support from parents, family and friends have had an impact on their motivation to perform PA on a continuous basis. Also, the lack of awareness, attitudes, and practices of individuals themselves for not doing PA has affected their interest in maintaining PA. It is noted that the environment also plays an important role, such as inadequate facilities and facilities, as well as an unsuitable place or setting that is unconducive and a neighbourhood that does not take care of or is aware of a healthy lifestyle, is also a contributing factor to physical inactivity. The decline in PA during adolescence is a consistent finding in the literature. However, PA interventions should be developed through education, family programs, behavioural or environmental and policy changes.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Americans Physical Activity Guidelines. (2008). Complements the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Americans Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, (2008).
Arksey H., & O’Malley L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory & Practice, 8(1): 19-32.
Babey, S.H, Hastert, T.A., Yu, H., & Brown, E.R. (2008). Physical activity among adolescents. When do parks matter? Am J Prev Med. 34(4):345-348.
Beets, M.W, Cardinal, B.J., & Alderman, B.L. (2010). Parental social support and the physical activity-related behaviors of youth: A review. Health Education & Behavior, 37(5): 621–644.
Belanger, M., Casey, M., Cormie,r M,, Filion, A.L, Martin, G., Aubut, S., Chouinard, P., Savoie, S.P., & Beauchamp, J. (2011). Maintenance and decline of physical activity during adolescence: insights from a qualitative study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 8:117.
Bradley, R.H., McRitchie, S., Houts, R.M., Nader, P., & O'Brien, M. (2011). Parenting and the decline of physical activity from age 9 to 15. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,8:33.
Booth, F., & Chakravarthy, M. (2002). Cost and consequences of sedentary living: New battleground for an old enemy. (2002). Washington, DC: President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest.
Bull, F.C., Armstrong, T, P., Dixon, T., Ham, S., Neiman, A., & Pratt, M. (2004). Physical Inactivity : 730-854.
Charlton, R., Gravenor, M.B., Rees, A., Knox, G., Hill, R., Rahman, M.A., Jones, K., Christian, D., Baker., J.S., Stratton, G., & Brophy, S. (2014). Factors associated with low fitness in adolescents – A mixed methods study. BMC Public Health, 14:764.
Cheah, L.W., Helmy, H., & Chang, C.T. (2014). factors associated with physical inactivity among female and male rural adolescents in Borneo-a cross sectional study. Int J Adolesc Med Health, 1-7.
Chen, Y, Zheng, Z, Yi, J., & Yao, S. (2014). Associations between physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors among adolescents in 10 cities in China. BMC Public Health 14 (744) : 1-9.
Chung, A.E., Skinner, A.C., Steiner, M.J., & Perrin, E.M. 2012. Physical Activity and BMI in a Nationally Representative Sample of Children and Adolescents. Clinical Pediatrics 51(2):122-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922811417291
Colditz G,A. (1999). Economic costs of obesity and inactivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc ,31: S663-S667.
Cooper, A.R., Jago, R., Southward, E.F., & Page, A.S. (2012). Active travel and physical activity across the school transition: the PEACH project. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 44(10):1890-1897
Dudley, D.A., Okely, A.D., Pearson, P., Cotto, W.G., & Caputi, P. (2012). Changes in physical activity levels, lesson context, and teacher interaction during physical education in culturally and linguistically diverse Australian schools. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9 (1), 1-9.
Dumith, S.C., Gigante, D.P., Domingues, M.R., & Kohl, H.W. (2011). Physical activity change during adolescence: a systematic review and a pooled analysis. Int J Epidemiol, 40(3):685-698.
Graham, D.J., Schneider, M., & Dickerson, S.S. (2011). Environmental resources moderate the relationship between social support and school sports participation among adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8:34.
Gredler, M.E., Broussard, S.C., & Garrison, M.E.B. (2004) The Relationship between Classroom Motivation and Academic Achievement in Elementary School Aged Children. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 33, 106-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X04269573
Gustafson, S.L., & Rhodes, R.E. (2006). Parental correlates of physical activity in children and early adolescents. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 36(1): 79–97.
Gyurcsik, N.C., Bray, S.R., & Brittain, D.R. (2004). Coping with barriers with physical activity during transition to university. Family and community health. 27(2):130-142.
Hallal, P.C., Victora, C.G., & Azevedo, M.R. (2006) Adolescent physical activity and health: a systematic review. Sports Med 36, 1019–1030.
Hennessy, E., Hughes, S.O., Goldberg, J.P., Hyatt, R.R., & Economos, C.D. (2010). Parent–child interactions and objectively measured child physical activity: A Crosssectional study. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1): 71.
Hewstone, M., & Martin, R. (2008). Social influence. In M. Hewstone, W. Ströbe, & K. Jonas (Eds.), Introduction to social psychology: a European perspective (4th ed ed., pp. 216-243). (BPS textbooks in psychology). Blackwell.
Holly, C., Salmond, S., & Saimbert, M.K. (2011). Comprehensive Systematic Review for Advanced Nursing Practice. NY: Springer Publishing.
Hsu, Y.W., Chou, C.P., Nguyen-Rodriguez, S.T., McClain, A.D., Belcher, B.R., & Spruijt-Metz, D. 2011. Influences of Social Support, Perceived Barriers and Negative Meanings of Physical Activity on Physical Activity in Middle School Students. J Phys Act Health, 8(2):210-219.
Hylok, M.J. (2011). Exploring student perceptions to explain the relationship between physical activity and academic achievement in adolescents: a mixed methods study: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss/99. Health Education Research, 28 (6):954–969.
Ibrahim, G. Badran. 1995. Knowledge, attitude and practice the three pillars of excellence and wisdom: a place in the medical profession. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 1(1):8-16.
Jaroslava, K., Zuzana, D.V., Andrea, M.G., Jitse, P.Van Dijk., Sijmen, A.R. (2014). Is Being A Boy and Feeling Fat A Barrier for Physical Activity? The Association Between Body Image, Gender and Physical Activity Among Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health.11(11): 11167–11176.
Katzmarzyk, P.T., Gledhill, N. & Shephard, R,J. (2000). The economic burden of physical inactivity in Canada. CMAJ,163:1435-40.
Kirby, J., Levin, K.A., & Inchley, J. (2013). Socio-environmental influences on physical activity among young people: a qualitative study. Health Education Research, 28(6): 954–969, https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyt085
Kwan, M.Y., Cairney, J., Faulkner, G.E. & Pullenayegum, E,E. (2012). Physical activity and other health-risk behaviors during the transition into early adulthood: a longitudinal cohort study. Am J Prev Med, 42(1):14-20.
Lammle, L., Worth, A., & Bos K. (2012). Socio-demographic correlates of physical activity and physical fitness in German children and adolescents. Eur J Public Health, 22(6):880-884.
Lee, I.M,. & Skerrett, P.J. (2001) : Physical activity and all-cause mortality: what is the dose-response . (6 Suppl):S459-71; discussion S493-School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Luanna, A.C., Gerfeson, M., & Jose De, F.J. (2013). Physical activity in adolescents: analysis of the social influence of parents and friends. J Pediatr (Rio J). 90(1):35-41.
Malaysian Dietary Guidelines. (2010). Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Marques, A., & Matos, M.G. (2014). Adolescents’ physical activity trends over the years: a three-cohort study based on the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Portuguese survey. BMJ Open. 4(9): e006012.
McLean, G., & Teague, M. (2004). Obstacle to action: A study of New Zealanders Physical Activity and Nutrition: Qualitative Phase, Australians Journal of Parks and leisure.
Michelle, S.P., Hannah, G.L., Amanda, F.D., Wilson, K., & Lee, V.H. (2013). The Association of Self-Efficacy and Parent Social Support on Physical Activity in Male and Female Adolescents. Health Psychol. 32(6): 666–674.
Mick, Z. (2011). South Carolina School Environment Initiative. South Carolina Department of Education, Columbia. Retrieved on March 21, 2012, from http://ed.sc.gov/agency/ac/Student-InterventionServices/documents/SC-SchoolEnvironmentRFP-Nov2011.pdf
National Institutes of Health. Health Disparities: Linking Biological and Behavioral Mechanisms with Social and Physical Environments. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 2000. RFA ES-00-004.
Reilly, J.J. (2005). Descriptive epidemiology and health consequences of childhood obesity. Best practice & research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 19, 327–341.
Romanow, R.J. (2002). Building on Values: The Future of Health Care in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada.
Serrano-Sanchez, J.A., Martı´-Trujillo, S., Lera-Navarro, A., Dorado-Garcı´a, C., Gonza´lez-Henrı´quez, J.J., et al. (2011) Associations between Screen Time and Physical Activity among Spanish Adolescents. PLoS ONE 6(9): e24453. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024453
Sawka, K.J, Gavin, R.M., Alberto, N.A., Anita, B., Rosemarry, P., & Penelope, H. (2014). Associations between aspects of friendship networks, physical activity and sedentary behaviour among adolescents. Journal of Obesity: 1-12.
Taymoori, P., Berry, T.R., & Lubans, D.R. (2012). Tracking of physical activity during middle school transition in Iranian adolescents. Health Education Journal, 71(6):631-641.
Taras, H., & Potts-Datema, W. (2005). Obesity and student performance at school. J Sch Health, 75(8):291-5.
Teng Y-K, Huang J-L, Yeh K-W, Fu L-S, Lin C-H, Ma W-F, et al. (2014) Influential Factors of Insufficient Physical Activity among Adolescents with Asthma in Taiwan. PLoS ONE 9(12): e116417. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116417
Telama, R., Yang, X., & Viikari, J. (2005) Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study. Am J Prev Med 28: 267–273.
Trost, S.G., & Loprinzi, P.D. (2011). Parental influences on physical activity behavior in children and adolescents: A brief review. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5(2):171–181.
UN-habitat. 2003. Planning and design for sustainable urban mobility: global report on human settlements 2013. Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. (https://unhabitat.org/planning-anddesign-for-sustainable-urban-mobility-global-reporton-human-settlements-2013/) (https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/factsheets/physical-ctivity.htm).
US Department of Health and Human Services (2008). Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report 2008. Washington, DC: DHHS.
Van der Horst, K., Kremers, S., Ferreira, I., Singh, A., Oenema, A., & Brug, J. (2007). Perceived parenting style and practices and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages by adolescents. Health Education Research, 22(2):295–304.
Wilson, D.K., Lawman, H.G., Segal, M., & Chappell, S. (2011). Neighbourhood And Parental Supports for Physical Activity in Minority Adolescent. Am J Prev Med. 41(4):399-406.
WHO. (2008). Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health problem. https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/[retrieved 10 July 2014].
WHO. (2014). Physical Activity. https://www.who.int/health-topics/physical-activity#tab=tab_1-08012021(retrieved 8 July, 2014)
WHO. (2014). Obesity. https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity#tab=tab_1(retrieved 8 July, 2014)
Americans Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, (2008).
Arksey H., & O’Malley L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory & Practice, 8(1): 19-32.
Babey, S.H, Hastert, T.A., Yu, H., & Brown, E.R. (2008). Physical activity among adolescents. When do parks matter? Am J Prev Med. 34(4):345-348.
Beets, M.W, Cardinal, B.J., & Alderman, B.L. (2010). Parental social support and the physical activity-related behaviors of youth: A review. Health Education & Behavior, 37(5): 621–644.
Belanger, M., Casey, M., Cormie,r M,, Filion, A.L, Martin, G., Aubut, S., Chouinard, P., Savoie, S.P., & Beauchamp, J. (2011). Maintenance and decline of physical activity during adolescence: insights from a qualitative study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 8:117.
Bradley, R.H., McRitchie, S., Houts, R.M., Nader, P., & O'Brien, M. (2011). Parenting and the decline of physical activity from age 9 to 15. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,8:33.
Booth, F., & Chakravarthy, M. (2002). Cost and consequences of sedentary living: New battleground for an old enemy. (2002). Washington, DC: President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest.
Bull, F.C., Armstrong, T, P., Dixon, T., Ham, S., Neiman, A., & Pratt, M. (2004). Physical Inactivity : 730-854.
Charlton, R., Gravenor, M.B., Rees, A., Knox, G., Hill, R., Rahman, M.A., Jones, K., Christian, D., Baker., J.S., Stratton, G., & Brophy, S. (2014). Factors associated with low fitness in adolescents – A mixed methods study. BMC Public Health, 14:764.
Cheah, L.W., Helmy, H., & Chang, C.T. (2014). factors associated with physical inactivity among female and male rural adolescents in Borneo-a cross sectional study. Int J Adolesc Med Health, 1-7.
Chen, Y, Zheng, Z, Yi, J., & Yao, S. (2014). Associations between physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors among adolescents in 10 cities in China. BMC Public Health 14 (744) : 1-9.
Chung, A.E., Skinner, A.C., Steiner, M.J., & Perrin, E.M. 2012. Physical Activity and BMI in a Nationally Representative Sample of Children and Adolescents. Clinical Pediatrics 51(2):122-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922811417291
Colditz G,A. (1999). Economic costs of obesity and inactivity. Med Sci Sports Exerc ,31: S663-S667.
Cooper, A.R., Jago, R., Southward, E.F., & Page, A.S. (2012). Active travel and physical activity across the school transition: the PEACH project. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 44(10):1890-1897
Dudley, D.A., Okely, A.D., Pearson, P., Cotto, W.G., & Caputi, P. (2012). Changes in physical activity levels, lesson context, and teacher interaction during physical education in culturally and linguistically diverse Australian schools. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9 (1), 1-9.
Dumith, S.C., Gigante, D.P., Domingues, M.R., & Kohl, H.W. (2011). Physical activity change during adolescence: a systematic review and a pooled analysis. Int J Epidemiol, 40(3):685-698.
Graham, D.J., Schneider, M., & Dickerson, S.S. (2011). Environmental resources moderate the relationship between social support and school sports participation among adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8:34.
Gredler, M.E., Broussard, S.C., & Garrison, M.E.B. (2004) The Relationship between Classroom Motivation and Academic Achievement in Elementary School Aged Children. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 33, 106-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X04269573
Gustafson, S.L., & Rhodes, R.E. (2006). Parental correlates of physical activity in children and early adolescents. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 36(1): 79–97.
Gyurcsik, N.C., Bray, S.R., & Brittain, D.R. (2004). Coping with barriers with physical activity during transition to university. Family and community health. 27(2):130-142.
Hallal, P.C., Victora, C.G., & Azevedo, M.R. (2006) Adolescent physical activity and health: a systematic review. Sports Med 36, 1019–1030.
Hennessy, E., Hughes, S.O., Goldberg, J.P., Hyatt, R.R., & Economos, C.D. (2010). Parent–child interactions and objectively measured child physical activity: A Crosssectional study. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1): 71.
Hewstone, M., & Martin, R. (2008). Social influence. In M. Hewstone, W. Ströbe, & K. Jonas (Eds.), Introduction to social psychology: a European perspective (4th ed ed., pp. 216-243). (BPS textbooks in psychology). Blackwell.
Holly, C., Salmond, S., & Saimbert, M.K. (2011). Comprehensive Systematic Review for Advanced Nursing Practice. NY: Springer Publishing.
Hsu, Y.W., Chou, C.P., Nguyen-Rodriguez, S.T., McClain, A.D., Belcher, B.R., & Spruijt-Metz, D. 2011. Influences of Social Support, Perceived Barriers and Negative Meanings of Physical Activity on Physical Activity in Middle School Students. J Phys Act Health, 8(2):210-219.
Hylok, M.J. (2011). Exploring student perceptions to explain the relationship between physical activity and academic achievement in adolescents: a mixed methods study: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss/99. Health Education Research, 28 (6):954–969.
Ibrahim, G. Badran. 1995. Knowledge, attitude and practice the three pillars of excellence and wisdom: a place in the medical profession. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 1(1):8-16.
Jaroslava, K., Zuzana, D.V., Andrea, M.G., Jitse, P.Van Dijk., Sijmen, A.R. (2014). Is Being A Boy and Feeling Fat A Barrier for Physical Activity? The Association Between Body Image, Gender and Physical Activity Among Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health.11(11): 11167–11176.
Katzmarzyk, P.T., Gledhill, N. & Shephard, R,J. (2000). The economic burden of physical inactivity in Canada. CMAJ,163:1435-40.
Kirby, J., Levin, K.A., & Inchley, J. (2013). Socio-environmental influences on physical activity among young people: a qualitative study. Health Education Research, 28(6): 954–969, https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyt085
Kwan, M.Y., Cairney, J., Faulkner, G.E. & Pullenayegum, E,E. (2012). Physical activity and other health-risk behaviors during the transition into early adulthood: a longitudinal cohort study. Am J Prev Med, 42(1):14-20.
Lammle, L., Worth, A., & Bos K. (2012). Socio-demographic correlates of physical activity and physical fitness in German children and adolescents. Eur J Public Health, 22(6):880-884.
Lee, I.M,. & Skerrett, P.J. (2001) : Physical activity and all-cause mortality: what is the dose-response . (6 Suppl):S459-71; discussion S493-School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Luanna, A.C., Gerfeson, M., & Jose De, F.J. (2013). Physical activity in adolescents: analysis of the social influence of parents and friends. J Pediatr (Rio J). 90(1):35-41.
Malaysian Dietary Guidelines. (2010). Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Marques, A., & Matos, M.G. (2014). Adolescents’ physical activity trends over the years: a three-cohort study based on the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Portuguese survey. BMJ Open. 4(9): e006012.
McLean, G., & Teague, M. (2004). Obstacle to action: A study of New Zealanders Physical Activity and Nutrition: Qualitative Phase, Australians Journal of Parks and leisure.
Michelle, S.P., Hannah, G.L., Amanda, F.D., Wilson, K., & Lee, V.H. (2013). The Association of Self-Efficacy and Parent Social Support on Physical Activity in Male and Female Adolescents. Health Psychol. 32(6): 666–674.
Mick, Z. (2011). South Carolina School Environment Initiative. South Carolina Department of Education, Columbia. Retrieved on March 21, 2012, from http://ed.sc.gov/agency/ac/Student-InterventionServices/documents/SC-SchoolEnvironmentRFP-Nov2011.pdf
National Institutes of Health. Health Disparities: Linking Biological and Behavioral Mechanisms with Social and Physical Environments. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 2000. RFA ES-00-004.
Reilly, J.J. (2005). Descriptive epidemiology and health consequences of childhood obesity. Best practice & research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 19, 327–341.
Romanow, R.J. (2002). Building on Values: The Future of Health Care in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada.
Serrano-Sanchez, J.A., Martı´-Trujillo, S., Lera-Navarro, A., Dorado-Garcı´a, C., Gonza´lez-Henrı´quez, J.J., et al. (2011) Associations between Screen Time and Physical Activity among Spanish Adolescents. PLoS ONE 6(9): e24453. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024453
Sawka, K.J, Gavin, R.M., Alberto, N.A., Anita, B., Rosemarry, P., & Penelope, H. (2014). Associations between aspects of friendship networks, physical activity and sedentary behaviour among adolescents. Journal of Obesity: 1-12.
Taymoori, P., Berry, T.R., & Lubans, D.R. (2012). Tracking of physical activity during middle school transition in Iranian adolescents. Health Education Journal, 71(6):631-641.
Taras, H., & Potts-Datema, W. (2005). Obesity and student performance at school. J Sch Health, 75(8):291-5.
Teng Y-K, Huang J-L, Yeh K-W, Fu L-S, Lin C-H, Ma W-F, et al. (2014) Influential Factors of Insufficient Physical Activity among Adolescents with Asthma in Taiwan. PLoS ONE 9(12): e116417. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116417
Telama, R., Yang, X., & Viikari, J. (2005) Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study. Am J Prev Med 28: 267–273.
Trost, S.G., & Loprinzi, P.D. (2011). Parental influences on physical activity behavior in children and adolescents: A brief review. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5(2):171–181.
UN-habitat. 2003. Planning and design for sustainable urban mobility: global report on human settlements 2013. Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. (https://unhabitat.org/planning-anddesign-for-sustainable-urban-mobility-global-reporton-human-settlements-2013/) (https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/factsheets/physical-ctivity.htm).
US Department of Health and Human Services (2008). Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report 2008. Washington, DC: DHHS.
Van der Horst, K., Kremers, S., Ferreira, I., Singh, A., Oenema, A., & Brug, J. (2007). Perceived parenting style and practices and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages by adolescents. Health Education Research, 22(2):295–304.
Wilson, D.K., Lawman, H.G., Segal, M., & Chappell, S. (2011). Neighbourhood And Parental Supports for Physical Activity in Minority Adolescent. Am J Prev Med. 41(4):399-406.
WHO. (2008). Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health problem. https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/[retrieved 10 July 2014].
WHO. (2014). Physical Activity. https://www.who.int/health-topics/physical-activity#tab=tab_1-08012021(retrieved 8 July, 2014)
WHO. (2014). Obesity. https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity#tab=tab_1(retrieved 8 July, 2014)
Published
2021-09-10
How to Cite
Ahmad, N., Asim, H. H., Juatan, N., Hipni, N. E., Ithnain, N., Ahmad Sanusi, N. H., Harun, S. N. F., Zakaria, M. R., Jaafar, N., Mohamed, M. H., Suraji, S. H. and Krishnan, M. (2021) “Contributing Factors to Decline in Physical Activity Among Adolescents: A Scoping Review”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(9), pp. 447 - 463. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v6i9.998.
Issue
Section
Articles
_[eISSN___2504-8562]_-_Google_Scholar_-_Google_Chrome_30_11_2023_8_56_06_AM.png)
.png)
