A Framework of the Energy-Efficient Vehicle Initiative and its Implementation in a Developed Country: the case of Malaysia
Keywords:
government policy, energy-efficient policy, policy mechanisms, transportation policy framework
Abstract
Energy-Efficient Vehicles (EEV) are a form of green transportation that minimise carbon dioxide emissions and eliminate reliance on fossil fuels. As an oil-producing nation, Malaysia needs to conserve its resources and alternate its dependence on fuel combustion engines and their toxic emissions. In recent years, Malaysia has set EEV production goals and adopted several policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while meeting the transportation sector's growing energy demands. This study evaluates the current policies and initiatives for EEV and their relevance and implementation in the present scenario. It is worth ascertaining the critical elements that need to be in place for the government to push for the adoption of EEV. This study first reviewed relevant government policies supporting EEVs. Next, a comparative analysis of EEVs initiatives between Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries was discussed. Simultaneously, expert panels were consulted through interview sessions to identify gaps in the implementation of EEVs. Based on the findings, the relationship framework of EEVs initiatives and an outline of strategies to improve existing practices were formulated. As a result, this study proposed integrating various agencies and market players as an essential factor to determine the success of implementing EEVs. By way of conclusion, a summary of effective policies is put forward as a recommendation to stimulate the current EEV market. This study sets the stage for policymakers to adopt and improve EEV strategies.
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References
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Chong, C., Ni, W., Ma, L., Liu, P., & Li, Z. (2015). The use of energy in Malaysia: Tracing energy flows from primary source to end use. Energies, 8(4), 2828–2866. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8042828
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Hasan-Basri, B., Mustafa, M. M., & Bakar, N. (2019). Are Malaysian consumers willing to pay for Hybrod Cars'attributes? Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2019-5301-10
Ho, F. (2019). Top 15 Most Fuel Efficient Cars In Malaysia For Under RM100,000. https://www.imoney.my/articles/top-15-most-fuel-efficient-cars-for-under-rm100000
Hong, Y. H., Khan, N., & Abdullah, M. M. (2013). The Determinants of Hybrid Vehicle Adoption: Malaysia Perspective. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(8), 447–454.
Khan, R. (2019). Time to open up the market for 3rd national car | Free Malaysia Today. Free Malaysia Today. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2019/05/08/time-to-open-up-the-market-for-3rd-national-car/
Lieven, T. (2015). Policy measures to promote electric mobility - A global perspective. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.09.008
Lye, G. (2017). Perodua Bezza secures Frost & Sullivan Malaysia's 2017 Car of the Year and Debut Car of the Year awards. Paultan.Org. https://paultan.org/2017/04/17/perodua-bezza-frost-sullivan-malaysias-2017-car-of-the-year/
Lye, G. (2020). NAP 2014 report card – RM10 . 05 billion investments , 62 % TIV EEV. Local News. https://paultan.org/2020/02/21/nap-2014-report-card-rm10-05-billion-investments-62-tiv-eev-penetration-rm58-7-billion-local-content/
Malaysia Automotive Robotics and IoT Institute (MARii). (2020). An overview of the NAP 2020 : Directions and Strategies. http://www.marii.my/post/an-overview-of-the-nap-2020-directions-and-strategies
Malaysian Automotive Association (MAA). (2021). Summary of New Passenger & Commercial Vehicles Registered in Malaysia For the Year 2010 to 2020. Sales & Production Statistics. http://www.maa.org.my/statistics.html
Malaysian Green Technology and Climate Change Centre (MGTC). (2021). chargEV Malaysia – Empowering Electric Mobility. https://chargev.chargev.my/
Ministry of Energy Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA). (2017). Green Technology Master Plan. https://www.pmo.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Green-Technology-Master-Plan-Malaysia-2017-2030.pdf
Ministry of Energy Science Technology Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC). (2018). Malaysia Third National Communication and Second Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In Minsitry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment And Climate Change. https://www.mestecc.gov.my/web/documents/jqhRxaP3ff20SNzCaBfiyqiOdsLhuBa9Jyz5D0C_gQ0
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Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia (KeTSA). (2015). Malaysia's First Biennial Update Report submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/MALBUR1.pdf
Mock, P., & Zifei, Y. (2014). Driving electrification: A global comparison of fiscal incentive policy for electric vehicles. In WhitePaper (Issue May). https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_EV-fiscal-incentives_20140506.pdf
Nie, Y., Ghamami, M., Zockaie, A., & Xiao, F. (2016). Optimisation of incentive polices for plug-in electric vehicles. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 84, 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2015.12.011
Ong, H. C., Mahlia, T. M. I., & Masjuki, H. H. (2011). A review on emissions and mitigation strategies for road transport in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(8), 3516–3522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.05.006
Pohl, H., & Yarime, M. (2012). Integrating innovation system and management concepts: The development of electric and hybrid electric vehicles in Japan. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(8), 1431–1446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.04.012
Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2017). CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Our World in Data. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions
Shukor, M. S. bin, Sulaimana, Z., Chin, T. A., & Mas'od, A. (2017). Malaysia Automotive Industry: Moving Toward Energy Efficient Vehicle Era. Social Science Postgraduate International Seminar (SSPIS) 2017, 1(1), 562–658.
Sierzchula, W., Bakker, S., Maat, K., & Van Wee, B. (2014). The influence of financial incentives and other socio-economic factors on electric vehicle adoption. Energy Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.043
Statista. (2019). Energy efficient vehicle penetration rate in Malaysia 2018-2019. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/982197/malaysia-energy-efficient-vehicle-penetration-rate/#:~:text=This statistic represents the penetration,penetration rate reached 62 percent.
Tan, S. (2019). 50 % Road Tax Reduction For And Hybrid Cars Announced. World of Buzz. https://worldofbuzz.com/50-road-tax-reduction-for-electric-and-hybrid-cars-announced-by-govt/
Tie, S. F., & Tan, C. W. (2013). A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 82–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.077
Yusof, A. (2020). Sparking Malaysia's next EEV journey. New Straits Times Press. https://www.nst.com.my/business/2020/01/560303/sparking-malaysias-next-eev-journey
Zhang, Xiang, Bai, X., & Shang, J. (2018). Is subsidised electric vehicles adoption sustainable: Consumers' perceptions and motivation toward incentive policies, environmental benefits, and risks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 192, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.252
Zhang, Xingping, Xie, J., Rao, R., & Liang, Y. (2014). Policy incentives for the adoption of electric vehicles across countries. Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/su6118056
