Kemiskinan Adalah Satu Fenomena Multidimensi: Suatu Pemerhatian Awal
Keywords:
Indeks Kemiskinan Multidimensi (IKM), kemiskinan unidimensi, kemiskinan multidimensi, kemiskinan material dan bukan material
Abstract
Kemiskinan merupakan satu fenomena yang dialami oleh seseorang individu tanpa kerelaan dan kehendak mereka. Kemiskinan boleh dikategorikan kepada dua jenis iaitu material dan bukan material. Miskin material terdiri daripada miskin pendapatan dan bukan pendapatan iaitu pendidikan, akses kepada kesihatan, pekerjaan dan kemudahan awam. Manakala miskin bukan material ialah berkait berkenaan ciri-ciri sahsiah seperti emosi, psikologi dan rohani. Kesemua keadaan yang berlaku ini menyebabkan seseorang yang miskin mengalami kesukaran untuk keluar dari situasi kemiskinan sekiranya tiada tindakan yang dilakukan oleh pihak bertanggungjawab. Pengukuran kemiskinan adalah langkah awal dalam mengenal pasti golongan miskin. Terdapat dua jenis iaitu pengukuran kemiskinan undimensi yang melihat kemiskinan dari sudut pendapatan sahaja dan pengukuran kemiskinan multidimensi yang melihat pada aspek holistik serta kemanusiaan. Terdapat banyak kelemahan pada pengukuran unidimensi kerana ia hanya mengukur kemiskinan dari perspektif pendapatan sahaja. Hal ini sudah tentulah tidak komprehensif dalam pengenalpastian golongan yang miskin. Oleh itu pengukuran kemiskinan multidimensi akan diterokai bagi memahami dengan lebih lanjut seperti perbezaannya dengan pengukuran unidimensi dan mengapakah Indeks Kemiskinan Multidimensi (IKM) adalah pengukur kemiskinan yang paling sesuai lagi berkesan. Kajian ini menggunakan data sekunder sebagai metodologi kajian. Hasil kajian ini dijangka bukan sahaja boleh mengetahui berapa ramai yang miskin dan peratusannya, malahan kita juga boleh mengetahui dimensi penyumbang utama kepada masalah kemiskinan. Melalui pengukuran ini, sesuatu program atau pemberian insentif dapat disalurkan dengan tepat kepada kumpulan sasaran.
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References
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Mohamed Saladin Abdul Rasool, Mohd Fauzi Mohd Harun, Ariffin Mohd Salleh dan Noraini Idris. (2011a). Poverty measurement in Malaysia: A survey of the literature. Akademika 81(1): 73-81
Mohamed Saladin Abdul Rasool, Mohd Fauzi Mohd Harun, Ariffin Mohd Salleh dan Noraini Idris. (2011b). Poverty measurement in Malaysia zakat institutions: A theoretical survey. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia 45(2011): 123-129
Nadia, N., Fairuz, N., & Rahana, A. (2011). The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and its application in Malaysia: A case study UiTM students, Shah Alam campus. Prosiding Perkem Vi, Jilid 1. 450-467.
Norzita Jamil & Siti Hadijah Che Mat (2014). Realiti kemiskinan: Satu kajian teoritikal. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 48(1), 167-177.
Nor Ghani, M. (1984). Dimensi Kemiskinan dan Rancangan Pembasmian Kemiskinan. Siri Kumpulan Esei: Ekonomi Pembangunan. Amir Hussin Baharuddin. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
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Rohima, S., Suman, A., Manzilati, A., & Ashar, K. (2013). Vicious Circle Analysis of Poverty and Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 7, 33-46.
Ragayah, H. M. Z. (2007). Understanding the formulation of the revised poverty line in Malaysia. Akademika, 70(1).
Siti Hadijah Che Mat. (2015). Kemiskinan Isu Pendapatan dan Program Pembasmian. Sintok, Kedah: UUM Press.
Santos, M. E., & Alkire, S. (2011). Training material for producing national human development reports. MPI: Construction and analysis. Oxford: Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative.
Siti, H. C. M, & Roslan, A. H. (2011). Jangka masa keluar daripada kepompong kemiskinan dan ketermiskinan: Kajian kes di Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia. Interanational Journal of Management Studies, 18(2), 217-236.
Shifa, M., & Leibbrandt, M. (2017, December). Urban poverty and inequality in Kenya. In Urban Forum (Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 363-385). Springer Netherlands.
Amartya Sen (1987). Poverty and famine: An essay on entitlement and deprivation. London, Clarendon.
Sen, A.K. (1976). Poverty: An ordinal approach to measurement, Econometrica, 44, 219–231
Sulochana, N. (2007). Concepts, definitions and the measurement of poverty in Malaysia: Issues for concern. In Nambiar, S. (Eds.), Reassessing poverty in Malaysia (pp. 132-169). Kuala Lumpur, Wisdom House Publications.
Sen, A. (1985). Commodities and capabilities. Amsterdam, North-Holland.
Sydunnaher, S., Islam, K. S., & Morshed, M. M. (2019). Spatiality of a multidimensional poverty index: a case study of Khulna City, Bangladesh. GeoJournal, 84(6), 1403-1416.
Sabina, A., & Maria,. E. S. (2011). Training material for producing national human development reports: the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
Townsend, P. (1979) Poverty in the United Kingdom. Harmondsworth: Penguin
United Nations. (2016). Sustainable development goals report 2016. UN.
Unit Perancang Ekonomi (2018) ringkasan eksekutif kajian separuh penggal Rancangan malaysia ke 11 (rmk11). Retrieved from http://www.kabinet. gov.my/bkpp/pdf/Kajian_separuh_penggal_RMK11.pdf
World Bank. (2018). Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2018: Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle. Washington, DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribu- tion CC BY 3.0 IGO
Watson, I. I., & Derrill, D. (2014). Poverty and Basic Needs. Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics. Springer Netherlands, 1529-1535.
Alkire, S. and Jahan, S. (2018). The New Global MPI 2018: Aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals’, HDRO Occasional Paper, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
Alkire, S., Apablaza, M., Chakravarty, S., & Yalonetzky, G. (2017). Measuring chronic multidimensional poverty. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39(6), 983-1006.
Alkire, S., & Santos, M.E. (2010). Acute multidimensional poverty: A new index for developing countries. OPHI Working Paper 38. United Kingdom, University of Oxford.
Amao, J. O., Ayantoye, K., & Fanifosi, G. E. (2017). An analysis of multidimensional poverty and its determinants in rural Nigeria. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 9(11), 303-311.
Amartya Sen.(1999). Development As Freedom. United States: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
Campos, A. D. L. O., Villani, C., Davis, B., & Takagi, M. (2018). Ending extreme poverty in rural areas–Sustaining livelihoods to leave no one behind.
Chamhuri Siwar dan Mohd Haflah Piei. (1988). Dasar dan Strategi Pembasmian Kemiskinan: Kumpulan Rencana Tentang Kemiskinan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka.
Conconi, Adriana y Viollaz, Mariana (2017) The Age of Perplexity: Rethinking the World we Knew. Poverty, Inequality and Development: Endogenous Vs. Exogenous Factors. Madrid, BBVA, OpenMind, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial. Retrieved from https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/poverty-inequality-and-development-a-discussion-from-the-capability-approach-s-framework/
Damba, O. T., Abarike, M. A., Nabilse, C. K., & Akudugu, M. A. (2019). URBAN POVERTY ANALYSIS IN TAMALE, GHANA. UDS International Journal of Development, 6(2), 79-96.
Deepa, N., Raj, P., Kai, S., Anne, R., & Sarah, K.S. (1999). Voices of the poor: Can anyone hear us? New York, Oxford University Press.
Economic Planning Unit. (2020). Eleven Malaysia Plan 2016-2020. Retrieved from. https://www.epu.gov.my/sites/default/files/2020-02/Buku%20RMKe-11.pdf
Economic Planning Unit. (2018). Mid Term Review Eleven Malaysia Plan 2016-2020. Retrieved from http://www.epu.gov.my/sites/default/files/2020-08/Mid Term%20Review%20of%
2011th%20Malaysia%20Plan.pdf.
Fusco, A. (2003). On the definition and measurement of poverty: The contribution of multidimensional analysis. 3rd Conference on the Capability Approach: From Sustainable Development to Sustainable Freedom
Gopal, P. S. (2018). Poverty measurement revisited from a multidimensional perspective among Universiti Sains Malaysia's B40 poor students. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 14(4).
Hijaz, S. T., & Naqvi, S. R. (2006). Factors affecting students’ performance: A case of private colleges in Bangladesh. Journal of sociology, 3(1), 44-45.
Iheonu, C., & Urama, N. E. (2019). Addressing Poverty Challenges in Nigeria. Retrieved from https://media.africaportal.org/documents/Addressing_Poverty_Challenges_in_Nigeria_.pdf
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia (2020) LAPORAN SURVEI PENDAPATAN ISI RUMAH DAN KEMUDAHAN ASAS 2019. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia (2020). Laporan Survei Pendapatan Isi Rumah & Kemudahan Asas 2019. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=120&bul_id=TU00TmRhQ1N5TUxHVWN0T2VjbXJYZz09&menu_id=amVoWU54UTl0a21NWmdhMjFMMWcyZz09
Le, H., Nguyen, C., & Phung, T. (2015). Multidimensional poverty: evidence from Vietnam. Economics Bulletin, 35(4), 2820-2831.
Liu, Y., & Xu, Y. (2016). A geographic identification of multidimensional poverty in rural China under the framework of sustainable livelihoods analysis. Applied Geography, 73, 62-76.
Laderchi, C. R. (2000). The monetary approach to poverty: A survey of concept and methods. QEH Paper Series 58.
Lutfun Nahar Lata (2020): To Whom Does the City Belong? Obstacles to Right to the City for the Urban Poor in Bangladesh, Journal of Contemporary Asia, DOI: 10.1080/00472336.2020.1791934
Muhammad Yunus. (2007) Creating a world without poverty: Social business and the future of capitalism. New York, Public Affairs.
Michail Moatsos (2020). Global Absolute Poverty Present and Past since 1820(Doctoral Dissertation, Utrecht University, Utrecht Netherlands). Retrieved from https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/399449
Mohamed Saladin Abdul Rasool, Mohd Fauzi Mohd Harun, Ariffin Mohd Salleh dan Noraini Idris. (2011a). Poverty measurement in Malaysia: A survey of the literature. Akademika 81(1): 73-81
Mohamed Saladin Abdul Rasool, Mohd Fauzi Mohd Harun, Ariffin Mohd Salleh dan Noraini Idris. (2011b). Poverty measurement in Malaysia zakat institutions: A theoretical survey. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia 45(2011): 123-129
Nadia, N., Fairuz, N., & Rahana, A. (2011). The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and its application in Malaysia: A case study UiTM students, Shah Alam campus. Prosiding Perkem Vi, Jilid 1. 450-467.
Norzita Jamil & Siti Hadijah Che Mat (2014). Realiti kemiskinan: Satu kajian teoritikal. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 48(1), 167-177.
Nor Ghani, M. (1984). Dimensi Kemiskinan dan Rancangan Pembasmian Kemiskinan. Siri Kumpulan Esei: Ekonomi Pembangunan. Amir Hussin Baharuddin. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Nurul Izzah Anwar (2020). Kemiskinan multidimensi dalam era Covid-19.Retrieved 6 December 2020, from Sinar harian: https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/83964/KHAS/Pendapat/Kemiskinan
-multidimensi-dalam-era-Covid-19.
Parthiban, S.G. (2013). Urban poverty among Indians in Penang: A study on nonmaterial causes (PhD dissertation). Retrieved from University Sains Malaysia
Poverty, O., & Human Development Initiative. (2013). Multidimensional poverty measures using the Alkire Foster method.
Radin Firdaus Radin Badaruddin, Khoo Suet Leng, Nor Malina Malek & Maslina Mohammed Saed & Parthiban S Gopal (2019). Wacana Multidimensi Dalam Perancangan dan Pembangunan Di Malaysia. Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Ravallion, M. (1998). Poverty Lines in Theory and Practice. LMS Working Paper, 133. The World Bank
Rohima, S., Suman, A., Manzilati, A., & Ashar, K. (2013). Vicious Circle Analysis of Poverty and Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 7, 33-46.
Ragayah, H. M. Z. (2007). Understanding the formulation of the revised poverty line in Malaysia. Akademika, 70(1).
Siti Hadijah Che Mat. (2015). Kemiskinan Isu Pendapatan dan Program Pembasmian. Sintok, Kedah: UUM Press.
Santos, M. E., & Alkire, S. (2011). Training material for producing national human development reports. MPI: Construction and analysis. Oxford: Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative.
Siti, H. C. M, & Roslan, A. H. (2011). Jangka masa keluar daripada kepompong kemiskinan dan ketermiskinan: Kajian kes di Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia. Interanational Journal of Management Studies, 18(2), 217-236.
Shifa, M., & Leibbrandt, M. (2017, December). Urban poverty and inequality in Kenya. In Urban Forum (Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 363-385). Springer Netherlands.
Amartya Sen (1987). Poverty and famine: An essay on entitlement and deprivation. London, Clarendon.
Sen, A.K. (1976). Poverty: An ordinal approach to measurement, Econometrica, 44, 219–231
Sulochana, N. (2007). Concepts, definitions and the measurement of poverty in Malaysia: Issues for concern. In Nambiar, S. (Eds.), Reassessing poverty in Malaysia (pp. 132-169). Kuala Lumpur, Wisdom House Publications.
Sen, A. (1985). Commodities and capabilities. Amsterdam, North-Holland.
Sydunnaher, S., Islam, K. S., & Morshed, M. M. (2019). Spatiality of a multidimensional poverty index: a case study of Khulna City, Bangladesh. GeoJournal, 84(6), 1403-1416.
Sabina, A., & Maria,. E. S. (2011). Training material for producing national human development reports: the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
Townsend, P. (1979) Poverty in the United Kingdom. Harmondsworth: Penguin
United Nations. (2016). Sustainable development goals report 2016. UN.
Unit Perancang Ekonomi (2018) ringkasan eksekutif kajian separuh penggal Rancangan malaysia ke 11 (rmk11). Retrieved from http://www.kabinet. gov.my/bkpp/pdf/Kajian_separuh_penggal_RMK11.pdf
World Bank. (2018). Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2018: Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle. Washington, DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribu- tion CC BY 3.0 IGO
Watson, I. I., & Derrill, D. (2014). Poverty and Basic Needs. Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics. Springer Netherlands, 1529-1535.
Published
2021-01-06
How to Cite
S Gopal, P., Abdul Rahman, M. A., Malek, N. M., Jamir Singh, P. S. and Chee Hong, L. (2021) “Kemiskinan Adalah Satu Fenomena Multidimensi: Suatu Pemerhatian Awal”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(1), pp. 40 - 51. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v6i1.608.
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