Kewajipan Suntikan Vaksin dan Isu Hak Asasi Manusia

  • Mohd Zamre Mohd Zahir Faculty of Law, The National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Tengku Noor Azira Tengku Zainudin Faculty of Law, The National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Ramalinggam Rajamanickam Faculty of Law, The National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Muhamad Sayuti Hassan Faculty of Law, The National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Keywords: Hak asasi manusia, Imuniti kelompok, Program imunisasi, Undang-undang perubatan, Vaksin

Abstract

Perlindungan imunisasi merangkumi program vaksinasi yang penting untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit dalam kalangan masyarakat atau mereka yang mempunyai sistem imun yang rendah. Walau bagaimanapun, kes penyakit berjangkit, seperti COVID-19 telah meningkat secara mendadak di seluruh dunia, termasuk Malaysia. Peningkatan ini, antara lain, disebabkan oleh pengabaian tatacara pengendalian piawai atau pergerakan kumpulan tertentu yang tidak mempercayai keberkesanan vaksin. Dalam isu pemberian vaksin, terdapat tiga isu yang perlu diteliti. Pertama, adakah vaksin berkesan dalam melindungi badan seseorang individu? Kedua, adakah vaksin diwajibkan untuk setiap individu di dalam negara? Ketiga, adakah terdapat pampasan tertentu sekiranya individu yang di vaksin mengalami kecederaan kesan suntikan vaksin tersebut? Penulisan ini membincangkan dan menganalisis isu-isu dan kerangka kerja sedia ada tentang pemberian vaksin di Malaysia. Selain itu, penulisan ini juga menganalisis rujukan amalan dan pelaksanaan program imunisasi kepada masyarakat di Amerika Syarikat. Selanjutnya, penulisan ini menyoroti isu-isu tentang vaksinasi sama ada wujud pelanggaran kebebasan dan hak asasi manusia yang termaktub dalam instrumen perundangan. Penulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menganalisis dokumen dan instrumen perundangan di Malaysia dan antarabangsa yang berkaitan dengan konteks suntikan vaksin dan isu hak asasi manusia. Penulisan ini mendapati bahawa isu berkaitan suntikan vaksin wajar diberikan perhatian penuh dan penyelesaian terbaik adalah suatu yang menjadi kemestian. Dapatan daripada penulisan ini penting untuk memberikan panduan kepada pembuat dasar dan penggubal undang-undang bagi melihat keperluan pembaharuan undang-undang yang menjamin hak asasi dalam konteks pemberian vaksin di Malaysia.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Akta Pencegahan dan Pengawalan Penyakit Berjangkit 1988 (Akta 342). https://covid-19.moh.gov.my/faqsop/akta-342/Draf_Muktamad_Akta_342.pdf (akses pada 28 September 2021).

Azlinda Abdul Samad & Abdul Samad Abdul Ghani. (2022). The golden liquid and criminal opportunity. Jurnal Undang-Undang dan Masyarakat, 30, 91-98.

BH Online. (16 Mac 2020). COVID-19: Kerajaan umum Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan mulai Rabu. BH Online. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/03/665949/covid-19-kerajaan-umum-perintah-kawalan-pergerakan-mulai-rabu (akses pada 28 September 2021).

BH Online. (9 April 2021a). Mahkamah Hak Asasi Eropah sokong vaksinasi wajib. BH Onine. https://www.bharian.com.my/dunia/eropah/2021/04/805095/mahkamah-hak-asasi-eropah-sokong-vaksinasi-wajib (akses pada 17 September 2021).

BH Online. (20 September 2021b). Vaksin Pfizer selamat untuk kanak-kanak lima hingga 11 tahun. BH Online. https://www.bharian.com.my/dunia/lain-lain/2021/09/866550/vaksin-pfizer-selamat-untuk-kanak-kanak-lima-hingga-11-tahun (akses pada 28 September 2021).

Caplan, A.L. & Schwartz, J.L. (2008). Ethics. In: Plotkin S.A., Walter O.A., Offit P.A.eds. Vaccines. 5th Edn. Philadelphia: Saunders.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Public Health Law Program. State school and childcare vaccination laws. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/phlp/publications/topic/vaccinations.html (akses pada 1 Oktober 2018).

Declaration of Alma-Ata. (1978). WHO called to return to the Declaration of Alma-Ata. https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/declaration-of-alma-ata (akses pada 1 Oktober 2018).

Duffy, J. (1978). School vaccination: The precursor to school medical inspection. J Hist Med Allied Sci., 33, 344-55.

Erasmus University Rotterdam. (2021). European Court of Human Rights: Mandatory vaccinations are allowed. Erasmus University Rotterdam. https://www.eur.nl/en/news/european-court-human-rights-mandatory-vaccinations-are-allowed (akses pada 28 September 2021).

Feikin, D. R., Lezotte, D. C., Hamman, R. F., Salmon, D. A., Chen, R. T. & Hoffman, R. E. (2000). Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization. JAMA, 284, 3145-3150.

Google News. (2021). Coronavirus (COVID-19). Google News. https://news.google.com/covid19/map?hl=en-MY&state=7&gl=MY&ceid=MY%3Aen (akses pada 17 September 2021).

Hariz Mohd. (2021). KJ akan bincang dengan KPM cadangan wajib vaksin ke atas guru. Malaysiakini. 3 September. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/589848 (akses pada 17 September 2021).

Health Resources & Services Administration. (2021). National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. Health Resources & Services Administration. https://www.hrsa.gov/vaccine-compensation/index.html (akses pada 27 September 2021).

ICESCR. (1976). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights (akses pada 16 Oktober 2022).

Kamarul Azmi Jasmi. (2012). Metodologi Pengumpulan Data dalam Penyelidikan Kualitatif. Malaysia: UiTM.

Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. (2021). Bantuan Khas Kewangan Kesan Mudarat Vaksin COVID-19. KKM. http://covid-19.moh.gov.my/semasa-kkm/2021/03/bantuan-khas-kewangan-kesan-mudarat-vaksin-covid-19 (akses pada 6 April 2021).

Maragakis, L.L & Kelen, G.D. (2021). Is the COVID-19 vaccine safe? Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/is-the-covid19-vaccine-safe (akses pada 27 September 2021).

Meissner, H.C. (2021). A viral pandemic, vaccine safety, and compensation for adverse events. JAMA, 325(8), 721-722. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26792. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2776308 (akses pada 27 September 2021).

Mohd Al Qayum Azizi. (2021). Vaksin Covid-19. Siapa berisiko, kesan dan teori konspirasi antara 10 perkara yang anda perlu tahu. Mstar, 15 Februari. https://www.mstar.com.my/xpose/famili/2021/02/15/vaksin-covid-19-siapa-berisiko-kesan-dan-teori-konspirasi-antara-10-perkara-yang-anda-perlu-tahu (akses pada 17 September 2021).

Mohd Zamre Mohd Zahir, Tengku Noor Azira Tengku Zainudin, Haniwarda Yaakob, Ramalinggam Rajamanickam, Husyairi Harunarashid, Ahmad Azam Mohd Shariff, Zainunnisaa Abd Rahman & Muhammad Hatta. (2019a). Hak pesakit bagi melaksanakan arahan awal perubatan: Suatu gambaran umum. (The patient’s right to implement advance medical directive: an overview). Sains Malaysiana, 48(2), 353-359.

Mohd Zamre Mohd Zahir, Tengku Noor Azira Tengku Zainudin, RamalinggamRajamanickam, Zainunnisaa Abd Rahman. (2019b). Arahan Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) dalam sektor kesihatan dari perspektif undang-undang. (Do Not Resuscitate Instructions (DNR) order in the health sector from a legal perspective). Journal of Southeast Asia Social Sciences and Humanities (Akademika), 89(2), 143-154.

Mohd Zamre Mohd Zahir, Tengku Noor Azira Tengku Zainudin, RamalinggamRajamanickam, Ahmad Azam Mohd Shariff, Zainunnisaa Abd Rahman, MaKalthum Ishak, Syafiq Sulaiman&Nor Hikma Mohamad Nor. (2021). Prospect and Legal Challenges of Medical Tourism in Relation to the Advance Medical Directive (AMD) in Malaysia. Special Issue of Pertanika Journal Social Sciences and Humanities (JSSH), 29(S2), 17-28.

Mohd Zamre Mohd Zahir. (2020). Covid-19: Hak individu terhadap rawatan perubatan. (Covid-19: Individual rights to medical treatment). Asklegal online. https://asklegal.my/p/covid-19-hak-individu-terhadap-rawatan-perubatan (akses pada 16 January 2021).

Mohd Zamre Mohd Zahir. (2021). Pampasan buat penerima vaksin COVID-19. Asklegal. https://asklegal.my/p/pampasan-buat-penerima-vaksin-covid-19 (16 September 2021).

National Economic & Social Rights Initiative (NESRI). (2018). What is the Human Right to Health and Health Care? NESRI. https://www.nesri.org/programs/what-is-the-human-right-to-health-and-health-care (akses pada 27 Ogos 2020).

Public Health Service Act. (1944). Who has the authority to enforce isolation and quarantine because of a communicable disease? Hhs. https://www.hhs.gov/answers/public-health-and-safety/who-has-the-authority-to-enforce-isolation-and-quarantine/index.html#:~:text=Under%20section%20361%20of%20the,United%20States%20and%20between%20states. (akses pada 16 Oktober 2022).

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2020). Human Rights and Access to Covid-19 Vaccines. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Events/COVID-19_AccessVaccines_Guidance.pdf (akses pada 27 September 2021).

Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Malay (Bahasa Melayu). Diffusion Multilingue des Droits de l’Homme, France. https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/malay-bahasa-melayu (akses pada 16 Oktober 2022).

Rohaniza Idris. (2021). Tidak cadang wajibkan vaksin COVID-19 - KJ. Berita Harian, 28 Julai. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2021/07/844502/tidak-cadang-wajibkan-vaksin-covid-19-kj (akses pada 17 September 2021).

Salmon, D. A. & Omer, S. B. (2006). Individual freedoms versus collective responsibility: immunization decision-making in the face of occasionally competing values. Emerging themes in epidemiology, 3, 13.

Sencer, D.J., Dull, H.B., Langmuir, A.D. (1967). Epidemiological basis for eradication of measles in 1967. Public Health Rep., 82, 253-6.

Shafikah Rahim. (2021). Kepentingan Imunisasi dan Vaksin. Portal Pusat Sumber dan Pendidikan Kanser (CaRE). https://care.upm.edu.my/artikel/kepentingan_imunisasi_dan_vaksin-62530 (akses pada 17 September 2021).

Tengku Noor Azira Tengku Zainudin, Mohd Zamre Mohd Zahir, Ahmad Azam Mohd Shariff, Ramalinggam Rajamanickam, Ong Tze Chin, Zainunnisaa Abd Rahman, Nor Hikma Mohamad Nor, Syafiq Sulaiman, Asiah Bidin, Murshamshul Kamariah Musa & Kamaliah Salleh. (2021). Legal Exploration of Right to Health. Special Issue of Pertanika Journal Social Sciences and Humanities (JSSH), 29(S2), 221-232.

The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. (2018). Ethical Issues and Vaccines. History of Vaccines. https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/ethical-issues-and-vaccines (akses pada 17 September 2021).

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2012). Final Rules for Control of Communicable Diseases: Interstate and Foreign – Scope and Definitions. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/final-rules-control-communicable-diseases.html (akses pada 17 September 2021).

World Health Organisation. (WHO). (2017). Human Rights and Health. WHO. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs323/en/ (akses pada 27 September 20).

World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). How do vaccines work? WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/how-do-vaccines-work?gclid=Cj0KCQjw18WKBhCUARIsAFiW7JwjXdWwNZFNgRKnNG18PwO0wHi7hRwh0xFDBX_Hm6Lq9H2ZUzkq3FMaAlVOEALw_wcB (akses pada 27 September 2021).

Published
2022-11-30
How to Cite
Mohd Zahir, M. Z., Tengku Zainudin, T. N. A., Rajamanickam, R. and Hassan, M. S. (2022) “Kewajipan Suntikan Vaksin dan Isu Hak Asasi Manusia”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 7(11), p. e001982. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v7i11.1982.
Section
Isu Khas