Understanding the Link Between Inter-Group Relations and Psychological Issues
Keywords:
inter-group relations, stress, copying strategy
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between inter-group relations, stress and copying strategies will continue to be an integral part of modern society. However, many still tend to misunderstood about the impact of intergroup relations towards stress. Apart from that, many still lacking in understating how to deal with stress caused by inter-group relations. For this reason, explaining the significant of inter-group relations in people’s stress and the way the people should deal with stress caused by inter-group relations is immensely valuable. This paper presents a discussion on the relationship between inter-group relations, stress and the way the people should deal with stress caused by inter-group relations. It is hoped that the paper provides room for improved knowledge and understanding on the relationship between inter-group relations and stress, and the way they should be dealt with stress caused by inter-group relations.
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References
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DeRidder, R. (1983). Norm Violation in Dyad: The Effect of Victims, Attribution of Malevolent Intent on Reactive Aggression. Unpublished Manuscript. The Nederland: Tilburg University.
DeRidder, R., Poortinga, Y.H., Scvhruijer, S.G.L., Tripathi, R.C., Sinha, J.B.P., Sinha, D. & Kumar, R. (1985). Psychocultural Determinants of Inter-group Relations. Nederland: Tilburg University.
Deschamps, J.C. & Brown, R. (1983). Super ordinate Goals and Inter-group Conflict. British Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 189-195.
Deutch, M., Thomas, J.R.H. & Garner, K.A. (1971). Social Discrimination on the Basis of Category Membership. Columbia: Teachers College, Columbia University
Diab, L.N. (1970). A Study of Inter-group and Inter-group Relations among Experimentally Produced Small Groups. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 82, 49-82.
Dion, K.L. (1973). Cohesiveness as a Determinant of Intergroup Bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 163-171.
Dovido, J.E., Gaertner, S.L. & Kawakami, K. (2003). Intergroup Contact: The Past, Present, and Future. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 5-21.
Duncan, B.L. (1976). Differential Social Perception and Attribution of Inter-group Violence: Testing the Lower Limits of Stereotyping of Blacks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 590-598.
Elkind, D. (1984). All Grown Up and no Place to go: Teenagers in Crisis. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Folkman, S. & Lazarus, RS. (1988). Ways of Coping Questionnaire Test Booklet. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Ganing, C.F., Hassan, M.M. & Wan Hamzah, W.N.N. (2020). Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tekanan Kerja di kalangan Kakitangan Hospital Kerajaan. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(10), 151 - 177
Goranson, R.E. & Berkowitz, L. (1966). Reciprocity and Responsibility Reduction to Prior Help. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 227-232.
Gouldner, A. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.
Gurr, T.R. (1998). Why Men Rebel? Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hall, R.A. (1968). The Scapegoat Theory of Prejudices. Unpublished Master Thesis, Colorado State University.
Hartley, E.L. (1946). Problems in Prejudice. New York: King’s Crown Press.
Hettema, P.J., Van Heck, G.L.M., Appels, M. & Van Zon, I. (1984). The Assessment of the Situational Power. Paper Presented at the Second European Conference on Personality, Bielefeld, FRG.
Homans. (1950). The Human Group. In Holzer B. & Stegbauer C. (eds) Schlüsselwerke der Netzwerkforschung. Netzwerkforschung: Springer VS, Wiesbaden.
Jha, H., Sinha, J.B.P., Gopal, S. & Tiwary, K.M. (1985). Social Structure and Alignment: A Study of Rural Bihar. New Delhi: Usha Publisher.
Kelly, G.A. (1955). The Psychology of Personal Constructs. New York: Norton.
Krishnan, L. & Carment, D.W. (1979). Reaction to Help Reciprocity, Responsibility and Reactance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 435-439.
Lanzetta, J.T. & Wilke, H. (1970). The Obligations to Help: The Effects of Amount of Prior Help on Subsequent Helping Behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 6, 488-493.
Lazarus, R.S. (1968). Emotions dan Adaptation: Conceptual and Empirical Relations. In Arnold, W. J. (ed). Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska: Lincoln, University of Nebraska, pp. 287-322.
Levy, S.G. (2001). Psychology and the study of Inter-group Conflict. PEPS, 7(2), Spring.
Levy, S.G. (1993). Questions about some Fundamental Concepts and some Directions for Thinking in Study of Inter-group Conflict. Conflict Management and Pease Science, 13(1), 1-27.
McKiran, D.J. (1980). The Identification of Deviance: A Conceptualization and Initial List of a Model of Social Norms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 75-93.
Misra, R., McKean, M., West, S. & Russo, T. (2000). Academic Stress of College Students: Comparison of Student and Faculty Perceptions. College Student Journal, 34(2), 236-245.
Razak, N.A. & Mydin Kutty, F. (2021). Daya Tahan, Strategi Daya Tindak Serta Hubungannya Terhadap Tahap Kesejahteraan Psikologi Guru. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(3), 171 - 179
Rebbie, J.M. & Lodewijkx, H. (1983). Difference in Reactive and Instrumental Aggression between Individuals and Groups. Paper Presented at the European-Israel Conference on Group Processes and Inter-group Conflict, Israel, 14-17 October 1983.
Rebbie, J.M. & Horwitz, M. (1969). Arousal of in-group – out-group bias by a Chance Win or Lost. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 269-277.
Rebbie, J.M. & Wilkens, G. (1971). Inter-group Competition and its Effects on Intra-group Relations. European Journal Social Psychology, 1, 215-234.
Rommetveit, R. (1954). Social Norms and Roles. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Schruijer, S.G.L., DeRidder, R., Poortinga, Y.H. & Triparthi, R.C. (1986). Norm Violations and Inter-group: A Framework for Resarach. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlenger.
Sherif, M., Harvey, O.J., White, B.J., Hood, W.R. and Sherif, C.W. (1961). Inter-group Cooperation-Competition: The Robbers Cave Experiment. Norman, UK: University Book Exchange.
Sherif, M. & Sherif, C.W. (1969). Social Psychology. New York: Harper and Row.
Sherif, M. (1966). In Common Predicaments: Social Psychology of Inter-group Conflict and Cooperation. Boston: Houngton and Miff.
Singh, R.B.P. (1991). Conflict and Cooperation: Manager-Worker Relationship. New Delhi: Anmol Publication.
Skevington, S. (1980). Inter-group Relations and Social Change within a Nursing Context. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 201-212.
Sole, K., Merton, J. & Hornstein, H.A. (1975). Opinion Similarity and Helping Behavior: Three Field Experiments Investigating the Bias of Promotive Behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 1-13.
Sussman, M.B. & Weil, W.B. (1960). An Experimental Study of the Effects of Group Interaction upon the behavior of Diabetic Children. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 6, 120-125.
Tajfel, H. (1982). The Social Psychology of Inter-group Relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39.
Tajfel, H., Flament, C., Billing, M.G. & Bundy, R.F. (1971). Social Categorization and Inter-group Behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 12, 149-177.
Tajfel, H. & Billing, M. (1974). Familiarity and Categorization in Inter-group Behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-175.
Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Inter-group Relations. London: Academic Press.
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J.C. (1979). An Investigative Theory of Social Conflict. Monterrey, C. A., Books/Cole.
Taylor, D.M. & Jaggi, V. (1974). Ethnocentrism and Causal Attributions in a South Indian Context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 5, 162-171.
Tennen, H. & Hezberger, S. (1985). Ways of Coping Scale. Kansas City, KS: Test Corporation of America.
Tetlock, P.E. (1987). Who gets what from whom? Contemporary Psychology, 82, 513-514.
Turner, J.C. (1978). Social Categorization and Social-discrimination. London: Academic Press.
Wilder, D.A. (1979). Reduction of Inter-group Discrimination through Individuation of the Out group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1361-1374.
Youngs, B.B. (1985). Stress in Children: How to Recognize, Avoid and overcome it. New York: Arbor House.
Zimbardo, P.G. (1969). The Cognitive Control of Motivation. Glenview, Illinois: Scort-Foresman.
Allen, V.L. & Wilder, D.A. (1975). Categorization, Belief, Similarity and Inter-group Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 971-977.
Baron, R.A. & Byrne, D. (1977). Social Psychology: Understanding Human Interaction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Inc.
Berkowitz, L. & Daniels, L.R. (1963). Responsibility and Dependency. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 275-281.
Billing, M. (1973). Normative Communication in a Minimal Inter-group Situation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 339-344.
Billing, M., & Tajfel, H. (1973). Social Categorization and Similarity in Inter-group Behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 27-52.
Blake, R.R., Shephard, H. and Mouton, J. (1964). Managing Inter-group Conflict in Industry. Houston, TX: Gulf.
Brainthwaite, A., Doyle, S. & Lightbown, N. (1979). The Balance between Fairness and Discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 149-163.
Brown, R.J. (1984). The Effect of Inter-group Similarility and Cooperative Vs. Competitive Orientation on Inter-group Discrimination. British Journal of Psychology, 23, 21-33.
Chandler, D., & Munday, R. (2011). A dictionary of media and communication. New York: Oxford University Press
Compass, B.E. (1992). Promoting Successful Coping during Adolescent. Paper presented at the conference “Youth in the Year 2000”, Marbach Castle, Germany.
DeRidder, R. (1983). Norm Violation in Dyad: The Effect of Victims, Attribution of Malevolent Intent on Reactive Aggression. Unpublished Manuscript. The Nederland: Tilburg University.
DeRidder, R., Poortinga, Y.H., Scvhruijer, S.G.L., Tripathi, R.C., Sinha, J.B.P., Sinha, D. & Kumar, R. (1985). Psychocultural Determinants of Inter-group Relations. Nederland: Tilburg University.
Deschamps, J.C. & Brown, R. (1983). Super ordinate Goals and Inter-group Conflict. British Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 189-195.
Deutch, M., Thomas, J.R.H. & Garner, K.A. (1971). Social Discrimination on the Basis of Category Membership. Columbia: Teachers College, Columbia University
Diab, L.N. (1970). A Study of Inter-group and Inter-group Relations among Experimentally Produced Small Groups. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 82, 49-82.
Dion, K.L. (1973). Cohesiveness as a Determinant of Intergroup Bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 163-171.
Dovido, J.E., Gaertner, S.L. & Kawakami, K. (2003). Intergroup Contact: The Past, Present, and Future. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 5-21.
Duncan, B.L. (1976). Differential Social Perception and Attribution of Inter-group Violence: Testing the Lower Limits of Stereotyping of Blacks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 590-598.
Elkind, D. (1984). All Grown Up and no Place to go: Teenagers in Crisis. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Folkman, S. & Lazarus, RS. (1988). Ways of Coping Questionnaire Test Booklet. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Ganing, C.F., Hassan, M.M. & Wan Hamzah, W.N.N. (2020). Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tekanan Kerja di kalangan Kakitangan Hospital Kerajaan. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(10), 151 - 177
Goranson, R.E. & Berkowitz, L. (1966). Reciprocity and Responsibility Reduction to Prior Help. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 227-232.
Gouldner, A. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.
Gurr, T.R. (1998). Why Men Rebel? Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hall, R.A. (1968). The Scapegoat Theory of Prejudices. Unpublished Master Thesis, Colorado State University.
Hartley, E.L. (1946). Problems in Prejudice. New York: King’s Crown Press.
Hettema, P.J., Van Heck, G.L.M., Appels, M. & Van Zon, I. (1984). The Assessment of the Situational Power. Paper Presented at the Second European Conference on Personality, Bielefeld, FRG.
Homans. (1950). The Human Group. In Holzer B. & Stegbauer C. (eds) Schlüsselwerke der Netzwerkforschung. Netzwerkforschung: Springer VS, Wiesbaden.
Jha, H., Sinha, J.B.P., Gopal, S. & Tiwary, K.M. (1985). Social Structure and Alignment: A Study of Rural Bihar. New Delhi: Usha Publisher.
Kelly, G.A. (1955). The Psychology of Personal Constructs. New York: Norton.
Krishnan, L. & Carment, D.W. (1979). Reaction to Help Reciprocity, Responsibility and Reactance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 435-439.
Lanzetta, J.T. & Wilke, H. (1970). The Obligations to Help: The Effects of Amount of Prior Help on Subsequent Helping Behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 6, 488-493.
Lazarus, R.S. (1968). Emotions dan Adaptation: Conceptual and Empirical Relations. In Arnold, W. J. (ed). Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska: Lincoln, University of Nebraska, pp. 287-322.
Levy, S.G. (2001). Psychology and the study of Inter-group Conflict. PEPS, 7(2), Spring.
Levy, S.G. (1993). Questions about some Fundamental Concepts and some Directions for Thinking in Study of Inter-group Conflict. Conflict Management and Pease Science, 13(1), 1-27.
McKiran, D.J. (1980). The Identification of Deviance: A Conceptualization and Initial List of a Model of Social Norms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 75-93.
Misra, R., McKean, M., West, S. & Russo, T. (2000). Academic Stress of College Students: Comparison of Student and Faculty Perceptions. College Student Journal, 34(2), 236-245.
Razak, N.A. & Mydin Kutty, F. (2021). Daya Tahan, Strategi Daya Tindak Serta Hubungannya Terhadap Tahap Kesejahteraan Psikologi Guru. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(3), 171 - 179
Rebbie, J.M. & Lodewijkx, H. (1983). Difference in Reactive and Instrumental Aggression between Individuals and Groups. Paper Presented at the European-Israel Conference on Group Processes and Inter-group Conflict, Israel, 14-17 October 1983.
Rebbie, J.M. & Horwitz, M. (1969). Arousal of in-group – out-group bias by a Chance Win or Lost. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 269-277.
Rebbie, J.M. & Wilkens, G. (1971). Inter-group Competition and its Effects on Intra-group Relations. European Journal Social Psychology, 1, 215-234.
Rommetveit, R. (1954). Social Norms and Roles. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Schruijer, S.G.L., DeRidder, R., Poortinga, Y.H. & Triparthi, R.C. (1986). Norm Violations and Inter-group: A Framework for Resarach. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlenger.
Sherif, M., Harvey, O.J., White, B.J., Hood, W.R. and Sherif, C.W. (1961). Inter-group Cooperation-Competition: The Robbers Cave Experiment. Norman, UK: University Book Exchange.
Sherif, M. & Sherif, C.W. (1969). Social Psychology. New York: Harper and Row.
Sherif, M. (1966). In Common Predicaments: Social Psychology of Inter-group Conflict and Cooperation. Boston: Houngton and Miff.
Singh, R.B.P. (1991). Conflict and Cooperation: Manager-Worker Relationship. New Delhi: Anmol Publication.
Skevington, S. (1980). Inter-group Relations and Social Change within a Nursing Context. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 201-212.
Sole, K., Merton, J. & Hornstein, H.A. (1975). Opinion Similarity and Helping Behavior: Three Field Experiments Investigating the Bias of Promotive Behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 1-13.
Sussman, M.B. & Weil, W.B. (1960). An Experimental Study of the Effects of Group Interaction upon the behavior of Diabetic Children. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 6, 120-125.
Tajfel, H. (1982). The Social Psychology of Inter-group Relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39.
Tajfel, H., Flament, C., Billing, M.G. & Bundy, R.F. (1971). Social Categorization and Inter-group Behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 12, 149-177.
Tajfel, H. & Billing, M. (1974). Familiarity and Categorization in Inter-group Behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-175.
Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Inter-group Relations. London: Academic Press.
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J.C. (1979). An Investigative Theory of Social Conflict. Monterrey, C. A., Books/Cole.
Taylor, D.M. & Jaggi, V. (1974). Ethnocentrism and Causal Attributions in a South Indian Context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 5, 162-171.
Tennen, H. & Hezberger, S. (1985). Ways of Coping Scale. Kansas City, KS: Test Corporation of America.
Tetlock, P.E. (1987). Who gets what from whom? Contemporary Psychology, 82, 513-514.
Turner, J.C. (1978). Social Categorization and Social-discrimination. London: Academic Press.
Wilder, D.A. (1979). Reduction of Inter-group Discrimination through Individuation of the Out group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1361-1374.
Youngs, B.B. (1985). Stress in Children: How to Recognize, Avoid and overcome it. New York: Arbor House.
Zimbardo, P.G. (1969). The Cognitive Control of Motivation. Glenview, Illinois: Scort-Foresman.
Published
2021-10-10
How to Cite
Ationg, R., Hashim, J. and Esa, M. S. (2021) “Understanding the Link Between Inter-Group Relations and Psychological Issues”, Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(10), pp. 533 - 542. doi: 10.47405/mjssh.v6i10.1090.
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