Students’ Perception Towards Teaching and Learning of Design and Technology Subject in English

______________________________________________________________________________________________________ This quantitative study aimed to explore the students' perception on the instruction medium of Design and Technology ( Reka Bentuk dan Teknologi - RBT) subject in lower secondary forms. This study determined the perceptions of students based on factors such as Students’ preferred medium of instruction for RBT, Students’ readiness towards English medium instruction (EMI), and Developing English literacy through English medium instruction. This research utilized a survey research design. Online questionnaires constructed for data collection. The target population were 100 public school students in Form One, Two and Three. Findings from the questionnaire exhibits, the participants are favourable on the English medium instruction for RBT curriculum and believe they can benefit from learning RBT in English medium. The outcomes of the study are expected to influence curriculum designers, policymakers, educators and learners on the effectiveness of language in successful RBT pedagogy. In terms of local context, past studies on EMI focused mainly on Science and Mathematics; the traditional STEM subjects. Therefore, this research has the opportunity to fill the gap by including the latest subject, RBT.


Introduction
The medium of instruction has constantly stood as a crucial concern among educational institutions across the world. In the Malaysian context, vital measures initially made from the early 1990s to devise English as medium of instruction for the traditional STEM subjects such as Mathematics and Science. The Ministry of Education affirmed STEM education should be conducted in English to accommodate the pupil with the fundamental principles and talents to excel beyond borders (National Education Blueprint, 2013-2025. Apart from preparing 21st-century human resource, this policy is also an anticipated answer to the declining English quality in the country (Kaur, 2020).
Majority of local graduates regularly criticised for their low proficiency in English. Many still have trouble in basic English literacy such as reading, speaking and listening. Inability to rehearse well in the English language, actually affecting their job opportunity (Azman, 2016). This condition forces many graduates not to be competent in the job market, particularly in areas that demand them to master English.
Many studies conducted on RBT teaching and learning in the past focus on the challenges faced by teachers (Ismail, 2012), such as in the implementation process (Isa & Mohd Imam Ma'arof, 2018), the readiness of teachers for this new subject and factors that contributed to stress among the RBT teachers (Moktar, 2018). Studies have shown teachers encountered challenges in teaching and learning process for this subject (Huei, Rus & Kamis, 2019). Medium of instruction could be one of the major issue for this struggle. It should not only be viewed from the perspective of educators, but also from the students perspective (Ellili-Cherif & Alkhateeb, 2015). Yet, there are no known studies on the RBT domain about collecting students' feedback on this subject.

Research Objective
Following are the specific objectives of this study: i. Explore the perception of the students on the instruction medium of RBT ii. Investigate students' readiness to learn STEM in English. iii. Investigate the role of medium of instruction of RBT in developing English language competency.

Research Questions
This research was executed to identify students' perceptions about the instruction medium of RBT. The subsequent research questions addressed to find answers to the objectives of the study: i. What is the students' perception on the language of instruction for RBT? ii.
What is the students' readiness towards learning STEM in English medium? iii.
What is the role of medium of instruction in developing English language competency among RBT students? www.msocialsciences.com

Significance of the Study
This is a pioneer quantitative study on the language of instruction for RBT. In the past, many studies conducted in Malaysia focusing on the medium of instruction for STEM subjects (Ha, Kho, & Chng, 2013;Isa et al., 2011;Majid et al., 2011), but no initiation to study the perception of students, especially on RBT.
The available literature on the RBT has focused more on the teachers (Taha, 2014;Abdullah & Ali, 2017) and teaching methods Isa & Ma'arof, 2018). The outcomes of present study could benefit academics about the significance of language in RBT pedagogy. Curriculum directors and teachers of STEM subjects might want to consider the students' language preferences and attitudes when developing policies pertaining to the medium of instruction in ensuring students' active participation in the scholarship of teaching and learning.
Exploring students' perspective is necessary since they are directly related in the education process. A review of this research can provide a valuable background for understanding the possible impact of determining whether the Bahasa Melayu should be retained as the RBT medium of instruction, or it would be more suitable to change RBT education to English medium.
The information acquired can function as a crucial practical resource to define the delivery of RBT curriculum. The present study on the influence of the language of instruction in RBT curriculum is proving to be timely and essential.

Literature Review
Studies about the significance of language in STEM education and students' perception on the medium of instruction are available in (Hudson, 2009), (Kocakulah, Ustunluoglu and Kocakulah, 2005), (Al-Mashikhi, Al-Mahrooqi & Denman, 2014) and (Basibek et al., 2014). Also, many research has been done locally on the issue of the language of instruction in STEM education (Yunus & Sukri, 2017;Ismail, 2012& Isa, 2011 which suggests that it is not outside the view.

Design and Technology (Reka Bentuk dan Teknologi)
The Standard Based Curriculum for Secondary School (KSSM), was executed in 2017 to replace the Integrated Secondary School Curriculum (KBSM) (Moktar et al., 2018). Reka Bentuk dan Teknologi (RBT) is the latest addition in the curriculum. It is offered to students of form one, two and three in secondary schools (Ministry of Education, 2015). Via the implementation of RBT, the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) aims to update the older syllabus Kemahiran Hidup Bersatu (KHB) (Sahaat & Nasri, 2020). It is one of the practical subjects which emphasize integrations of technology in education as the students learn to operate present technologies while focusing on future technological developments (Ismail, 2012). This upgrade is believed to bring changes in line with the government's' aim of producing advanced human models (National Education Blueprint, 2013-2025.

Medium of Instruction and STEM Education in Malaysia
English as the premium medium of instruction in teaching and learning of STEM is inevitable in many parts of the world. Science and English literacy are inter-related and essential for scholars to compete at the international level (Tuah & Mohini, 2010). As suggested by Hudson (2009), nations targeting on the 21st-century economic transitions should stress on the growth of the Science Education and English literacy. Considerable researches (Hamid, Jahan & Islam 2013;Basibek et al. 2014;Kim, Tatar & Choi 2014) have recommended to embrace English as a medium of instruction for science and technology as there are resources exclusively available in English compared to any other regional languages. www.msocialsciences.com Malaysia's education system in its inconstancy between the use of Bahasa Melayu and English, particularly in STEM education. Initially the Education Ministry has a rationale in providing Science and Mathematics in English, which is to assist all learners to improve their scientific and English proficiency (Ministry of Education, 2013). Studies also proved this policy has resulted in the mastery of scientific knowledge in related fields and also improved English proficiency among students (Noraini, 2005;Madya et al., 2009). This is because most of the reading material in this fastest growing field are produced in English (Madya et al., 2009;Salbihana, 2006) and disseminated through various media that easily obtainable by the public. More inventions are taking place and access to information in this domain is readily obtainable in English (Phillipson, 2009). Everyone should be opened to the teaching of subjects in English starting from school. Early exposure does provide an excellent opportunity and advantage for students to access the pioneer information. Gill (2005), have suggested that its optimum to teach STEM in English medium. Melor and Saiful Islam (2017), endorsed the same idea as EMI can facilitate students' understanding. Mendeng and Abdol (2004), assume the restricted usage of Bahasa Melayu in STEM education will benefit the students to face the challenges in mastering English. Consequently, students from the English medium environment will be able to improve language and perform adequately in STEM subjects.

English Medium Instruction and Language Competency
Studies proved, the EMI policy has several positive influences on students such as improving their language proficiency ( Ong and Tan (2008) point out the intention of instructing STEM in English promotes students' language proficiency. Teaching STEM in English also set a significant context for natural vocabulary usage to develop the student's language competency. Also, in non-English countries, education in English could offer students better job opportunities and career development (Coleman, 2006). Xu (1991), emphasised that scholars with good command in English embrace the difficulties in studies better than others.
A study was executed by Belhiah and Elhami (2015) to investigate the significance of EMI in the Arabian Gulf. It revealed that the learners and educators register substantial progress in listening, talking, reading, and writing mastery. The research counted EMI policy equips students with adequate, understandable intake in English in terms of genuine English oral and written text. Faizah, Marzlah and Kamaruzman (2011) claimed that EMI has a vital function in expanding learners' language competency. Furthermore, EMI improves the learners' contact hours to the English language and supplement their language command (Ministry of Education, 2013).
In developing countries such as Malaysia, English has been widely used, especially in the field of employment, whether in business or communication alone (Zakaria, 2008). In higher education institutions, the frequency of using English also increases because language is one of the main features of empowering human capital (Ball & Lindsay, 2013). Knowing the significance of good English fluency, the Education Ministry introduced STEM education in English in intent to enhance the English language among students. Yet, past studies conducted locally (Jalaluddin, 2009;Salam & Shahrill, 2014) found that the status of English mastery amongst the students remained the same.

Students' Perception on English Medium Instruction
Studies demonstrate the ability of students to provide insightful reviews involving their learning process in school (Noble, Roberts & Sawyer, 2006;Robinson & Taylor, 2007). The research by Rahmadani (2016) examined learners' perception of EMI. The study discovered students maintained favourable perception toward EMI to enhance their English literacy. Likewise, participants in the research of Wu (2006) commented, EMI was a valuable guideline that allows them to practice English constantly in their school education. Students' readiness to learn is another factor which holds the prospect to impact student accomplishment.
Past researches have revealed the students in Malaysia recognise the significance of English for the future (Zubairi & Sarudin). Learners are inspired by elements such as the urge to obtain satisfactory results, possibilities to advance their studies and employment promotion. Racha (2003) investigated the learners' readiness to study Mathematics in English. It concludes the participants were favourable to study the content in the international language. Meanwhile, research by Tuah and Mohini (2010) discovered that learners' readiness, interest and confidence towards EMI is at a moderate level. Students are analytical and attentive (Rudduck, 2006). They are not to be considered as passive but as active players in improving teaching and learning. The perceptions of students about education, their rationales for studying, the impressions they have, and their reactions may determine how well they will finally comprehend.

Methodology
The target population of this study was the lower secondary school students in Form 1, 2, and 3. Students from Klang Valley were selected as a smaller group of the target population. The research process required to obtain alternative methods due to the movement control order during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the limitations of the current situation, it was deemed most appropriate to commence the sampling process using the snowball sampling technique. This technique relies on referrals from initially sampled respondents to other persons believed to have the characteristic of interest. Therefore, the researcher chose to examine the perception of the students on medium of instruction for RBT by inviting the students available at the time of questionnaire distribution to help the researcher in responding to the questionnaires.
Section A of this questionnaire sought the demographic details of the respondents. The demographic data included gender, form, language at home, secondary language at home and language proficiency in English. In Section B, 17 items reflecting the 4 factors were highlighted in the conceptual framework. They are Students Readiness Towards Learning STEM in English medium (5 items), Perception Towards Teaching and Learning of RBT in English Medium (4 items) and Bahasa Melayu (4 items) and Developing Language Competency Through EMI (4 items). It featured a five-point Likert Response Scale, with answers varying from 'strongly agree' to 'strongly disagree' and with a neutral option. 1 indicates 'strongly agree' and 5 indicates 'strongly disagree'.
Items in the questionnaire were developed by conferring earlier research related to medium of instruction in STEM education. The items were adaptation of (Isa et al., 2011;Suliman et al., 2017;Yassin et al., 2009& Al-Mashikhi et al., 2014. The questionnaire was validated of language before being piloted with a small group of 15 students. Outcomes of the pilot test showed a Cronbach alpha score of 0.746. It indicates a stable and internally consistent instrument. The online questionnaire was distributed randomly to the students and responses were collected via google drive. In total 100 complete responses were collected. The data in this study were analysed descriptively. All these analyzes use Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. For the items in Section A, frequency and percentage were used to analyse items that were included in the demographic information of respondents. Descriptive statistics developed on each of the 17 individual items in Section B, then classified under their four main headings. They include the mean scores and the frequency distributions for every answer.

Section A: Demographic Profile of the Sample
The subjects of this study are 100 lower secondary school students from Form One, Two and Three. There was an equal number of male and female participants, 50 from each gender from the total respondents. Of the 100 participants, 33 are Form One student, 33 Form Two students, and 34 Form Three students. According to this self-assessment on language proficiency, 25 participants possessed advanced English language skills, 45 students ranked their English proficiency as intermediate, while the remaining 30 students considered their English level to be at the beginner level. The majority of the students speak English as the primary language at home. Followed by Bahasa Melayu, Tamil, and Mandarin. The majority of the students speak English as the secondary language at home. Followed by Bahasa Melayu, Tamil, and Mandarin.

Section B: Students' Perception
A descriptive analysis involved frequency, mean and standard deviation used in order to identify the level of students' perception. The items were classified under their five main headings as shown below.
In this section of the survey, students requested to answer the items on studying STEM in English medium and about their English comprehension such as speaking and reading. The table 2 summaries respondents' readiness to learn STEM in English. There were 85% of the students agreed with item 3, that English is the principal language of science and technology. Among them, 83% believe it is significant to study science in English medium (item 4). Finally, 83 % students accept the statement, "Studying STEM in English makes me feel more educated." Based on the results on table 2, the students generally have a positive attitude towards EMI. This also means that they value the English language and tend to respond favorably to it. The group mean of 2.01 indicates the students believe they are ready to learn the subject in English.  The data shows nearly half of the respondence (49%), prefer Bahasa Melayu as a medium of instructions but only 25% agree "Bahasa Melayu is more effective than English as medium of instruction for RBT". In terms of time management and support from family members, the study shows mixed opinions from the students.
Based on the results and on table 4, the findings show no significant advantage of learning RBT in Bahasa Melayu. The group mean of 3.22 indicates the students do not recognise Bahasa Melayu as the preferred medium to learn the subject. In the last part, participants were asked to rank their agreement for several ideas associated with perceived progress in English language competency. The table 5 displays the students' perception towards language competency development through learning RBT in English.
The mean score 2.08 indicates a positive relation. 84% students agree EMI motivate them to improve English. Item 15 and 16, indicates EMI can improve reading, writing, listening and speaking ability. Majority of the students learn new vocabulary through English medium lessons. Based on the results and on table 5, medium of instruction can influence the language competency of the students. The group mean of 2.08 indicates English language competency improve through learning RBT in English.

Discussion
This study sought to explore students' perceptions on the instruction medium of Design and Technology (Reka Bentuk dan Teknologi) in lower secondary schools. The discussion that proceeds concerns with reporting the findings of the research questions in the study.

Readiness to Learn STEM in English
Results from the questionnaire show that the students prepared to learn STEM in English. This finding is also consistent reported by Ball and Lindsay (2013); Costa and Coleman (2013). They have indicated students' positive attitudes towards EMI. The study of Rahmadani (2016) investigated students' perception of EMI and found out that most students prefer English medium, especially in science and technology subjects (Usunier & Roulin, 2010). Likewise, students in the study of Wu (2006) expressed that EMI is a beneficial procedure which allows learners to use English to study science and technology subjects and benefits learning process. Additionally, most of the respondents in the present study regarded themselves could read, write or speak English confidently. The results also highlight those respondents with good English literacy were positive towards English medium instruction.

RBT Language of Instruction
The research indicated that most of the students regarded they could profit from learning RBT in English medium. This is illustrated by Tuah and Mohini (2010); Coleman (2006). that EMI is essential for the career workforce in future. One of the motives for teaching and learning STEM in English is to deliver possibilities for learners to engage in the use of the language. Additionally, the majority of the students disagreed about learning RBT in Bahasa Melayu.

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Undeniably, students believe that they learn RBT better in the English language than Bahasa Melayu. Likewise, a study by Suliman, Melor and Saiful Islam (2017) also delivered similar findings as that studying STEM in English does promote students' learning process better compared to Bahasa Melayu. Availability of study materials such as reference books, textbooks and online resources play an essential role in the selection of the medium of instruction for students in this study. Most of the sources of Science knowledge are produced in English (Phillipson, 2009). This view is consistent with what has been observed in Hamid, Jahan and Islam (2013) and Basibek et al. (2014). Additionally, Kim, Tatar and Choi (2014), mentioned the reality of the English language only study materials and insufficient support in the Bahasa Melayu.

Developing English Competency
This study also revealed, students believed that their English language proficiency improves by learning STEM subjects in English. Similarly, studies surveying participants beliefs have registered favourable reactions to the significance of EMI in enhancing their English (Aguilar & Rodriquez 2012;Belhiah & Elhami 2015;Byun et al., 2011). As summarised in prior research, including Pandian and Ramiah (2004), EMI is practical for meaningful developments and adequate understandings in the learning of the second language. EMI courses should be seen as a chance to improve students' mastery of the English language (Wu, 2006). In the study of Rahmadani (2016) most learners had favourable perception toward English medium instruction, which assist them in enhancing their English literacy skills and confidence to voice out in public and comprehend English writings such as textbook or article.
Additionally, Ong and Tan (2008) pointed out the objective of teaching STEM in English is to allow students to attain proficiency in the language. Thereby, it should be concluded that instructing STEM in English would set a meaningful context for natural language usage. Therefore, serve a decisive point by significantly growing oral language and literacy. Faizah, Marzilah and Kamaruzaman (2011) added, studying non-language subjects in English increases students' contact hours to the English language, hence develop students' language competency. Moreover, Belhiah and Elhami (2015) study revealed that most learners and educators register significant progress in listening, talking, reading, and essay writing in English. They added, EMI provides students with substantial comprehensible input in English.

Limitation
The current respondents only represent participants from 3 districts in Selangor. In the light of current study results, it can only be concluded to Klang Valley students. On the other side, it was small scale research that comprised 100 students only. Thus, it is recommended that a more significant sample size should be retained for the forthcoming studies for the results to be generalised to a more considerable population and better representation.
For future research, in line with the government's recent emphasis on STEM education, a follow-up study to determine RBT teachers, educational leaders, and curriculum designers' attitude towards teaching and learning in English in Malaysia should be conducted to investigate the general mood. Further studies will help students in this nation to have optimistic attitudes towards EMI and realise the importance of teaching and learning STEM in the English language.

Recommendation
Overall, the participants acknowledge the necessity for the change in the medium of instruction. Therefore, measures must be taken to support the teaching and learning of RBT in English. This will allow the relevant stake holders to further explore and sustain the teaching of STEM subjects in the English language medium of instruction. STEM educators, academic directors, and curriculum developers should consider the students' English language proficiency when designing curriculum for STEM subjects. Findings of this study have evinced that students do indeed demonstrate positive perception and acceptance of learning RBT (and in that extension, STEM) subjects using the English language medium of instruction. Continuity on such scholarship of teaching and learning further promotes students' potential projection into furthering their studies abroad. This is of particular importance given that the nation is progressively moving forward with transnational education.

Conclusion
Students demonstrated their views by strongly indicating English is a suitable medium to learn RBT. The findings of this study suggest that students view English as a universal language and very essential for STEM education. The objective of orienting English as the medium of instruction is primarily to allow learners to sustain the evolutions of science and technology. EMI helps students to obtain the latest and advance knowledge about science and technology, which is available predominantly in the English language (Yahaya et al., 2009). Learning STEM in the English language enables students to explore the knowledge globally and at the same time, increases the potential of the students in the workforce. Students in this study were aware that English is the language of science and technology.
Perception of the significance of a particular language is subject to many aspects. Society will display a favourable mindset toward a specific language if that language has economic importance and is accepted as being reputable. This study has revealed the participants prefer English as the medium of instruction for RBT. Overall, the students agreed they are prepared to learn RBT through the English language.